2013 Conference of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE 2013), 26–28 April, Wellington, New Zealand. Liquefaction features and the geologic environment in which they formed were carefully studied at two sites near Lincoln in southwest Christchurch. Introduction. Earthquake Maps – Observations from the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes. GNS Science New Zealand stated that this earthquake was technically an aftershock of the 2010 Christchurch earthquake. On 22 February 2011, Christchurch experienced a severe earthquake resulting in much loss of lives, destruction … and liquefaction. Wed 23 Feb 2011 16.16 EST. "Liquefaction is a huge problem in Christchurch because the city is built on an alluvial plain, on sediments that are vulnerable to liquefaction," Clague said. Image courtesy of Mark Lincoln. 20 km of Christchurch (GeoNet, 2012), and up to ten of these larger events are known to have induced liquefaction (Quigley et al. But newer buildings were constructed in line with recently improved regulations that were expected to protect them from the worst shaking the city might encounter. (a) General geology and active faults of the Canterbury region. Introduction. The Central Business District (CBD) of Christchurch, which is the central heart of the city just east of Hagley Park, was practically lost with majority of its 3,000 buildings being damaged beyond repair. The city of Christchurch experienced a major earthquake centred south of the city; severe damage and casualties occurred. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons. (2002) with Boulanger Multiple deterministic liquefaction evaluation procedures were applied to each of the site investigation methods available at each SMS location. It proved a very poor wardrobe choice. Had bare legs. Cubrinovski, M., Henderson, D., Bradley, B.A. Bexley was flooded with silt and water forced up through the weakened ground by liquefaction following the February 22, 2011, earthquake. 1. A natural hazard, which Councils are now paying particular attention to, is liquefaction prone land. Prediction of Liquefaction-Induced Settlement Feb 2011 Christchurch Earthquake (highest quality LIDAR measurement of settlements) Predictions exhibit strong bias Underpredict small settlement; overpredict large settlement True regardless of triggering model and D r –q c1ncs correlation eg, Zhang et al. The process, which ejects water, sand and silt, has affected roughly half of Christchurch since September, with some areas inundated four times. However, large-magnitude earthquakes cause damage in other ways: surface fault rupture, Accessed March 8, 2011. In this extreme example, sand covered the road due to ground-surface subsidence and sand blows. "It's clear that the New Zealanders rather underestimated the shaking that Christchurch could sustain," said Roger Musson, a seismologist at the British Geological Survey. The earthquake struck the Canterbury region in New Zealand's South Island and was centred 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) south-east of the centre of Christchurch, New Zealand's second-most populous city. The severity of the damage appears to be due to a combination of the earthquake coming from a previously unknown fault that runs beneath the city from the nearby Alpine fault, and the violence of the shaking because the city rests on damp sediments. In this study, multispectral satellite imagery after the February 22, 2011, Christchurch earthquake has been used to identify liquefaction occurrence following the event. 1. 5,301 Views. Three nearby accelerometers allow calibration between the geological expressions of liquefaction and the intensity of earthquake-induced surface ground motion at the site. (2012) Liquefaction impacts in residential areas in the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes. ... "Liquefaction is a huge problem in Christchurch … Earthquake maps showing observations from the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes. Details. Understanding liquefaction vulnerability helps guide decisions about future land use and designing infrastructure and homes to manage risk. Widespread liquefaction in a team organized by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center investigated the effects of the Christchurch earthquake. About – How liquefaction occurs and its consequences. The Liquefaction Lab from Christchurch City Council is a great new tool that maps liquefaction vulnerability in different areas. Liquefaction, sand volcanoes and vast quantities of grey sandy silt became the scourge of Christchurch on February 22, bubbling out of the ground during the … 1. Widespread and very severe liquefaction affected many of the city suburbs and its central business district. Maurice Lamontagne, a seismologist at the Geological Survey of Canada, said: "What surprised me most was not seeing the damage to masonry buildings like the cathedral's bell-tower but to see new concrete buildings crumbling down. GNS Science (2011, February 25) February 22nd earthquake in Christchurch. Video: Soil liquefaction: Dr. Ellen Rathje uses a model to demonstrate and explain soil liquefaction. Cubrinovski was the major author of the New Zealand Geotechnical Society's guidelines for the identification, assessment and mitigation of liquefaction hazards, published in July last year. July 28, 2020. Introduction. Christchurch, February 22, 2011 earthquake anniversary: GNS scientists reflect on seismic event. Title: Impacts of Liquefaction in the 2010-2011 Christchurch Earthquakes Launching Date & Time: 15 April 2015 12:00 pm GMT . Christchurch Earthquake - Car in Liquefaction. Liquefaction Damage, Christchurch, February 2011. Photograph: Christchurch Press/Reuters. Liquefaction affected large areas of Christchurch because many suburbs are built on soft soils or sand. Liquefaction is a process that temporarily turns firm ground into a liquid. 22 February 2011 (M W 6.2), 13 June (M W 5.6 and M W 6.0 separated by 80 minutes), and 23 December 2011 (M W 5.8 and M W 5.9 separated by 80 minutes). "But even if they'd known about the fault, they wouldn't have been sure it would produce such strong shaking, so they might have still underestimated what actually occurred. The following movies are of flooding and sandblows from the February 2011 Christchurch NZ, 6.3 earthquake: The consequences to structures and utilities of earthquake-induced liquefaction include: 1) Non-uniform and differential settlement of structures often resulting in cracking. Other notable earthquakes in this sequence were the 22 February 2011 M w 6.2 Christchurch earthquake, and the 13 June 2011 … This paper focuses on the performance of potable water system of Christchurch during the 2010-2011 earthquakes and particularly examines the impacts of liquefaction on this pipe network during Liquefaction is the process which causes soil to behave more like a liquid than a solid during an earthquake. Characteristic liquefaction-induced damage to residential houses is then described focussing on the performance of typical house foundations in areas affected by liquefaction. Much of the damage experienced in New Zealand during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake was caused by liquefaction. History. Widespread liquefaction in the suburbs of Christchurch, as well as rock falls and slope/cliff instabilities in the Port
Hills affected tens of thousands of residential buildings and properties, and shattered the lifelines and infrastructure over approximately one third of the city area. On 22 February 2011, Christchurch experienced a severe earthquake resulting in much loss of lives, destruction … and liquefaction. Misko Cubrinovski , a University of Canterbury geotechnical earthquake engineer, explains that liquefaction is the result of a solid medium – soil – turning into a fluid medium due to violent shaking. Building damage to the central city and eastern suburbs of Christchurch. Clock. During the Canterbury earthquakes of September 2010 and February 2011, liquefaction caused silt and fine sand to boil up and bury streets and gardens and caused buildings and vehicles to sink. Jun 6, 2012 - Christchurch Earthquake mins after in my backyard, unbelievable Accessed March 8, 2011. Story. ... liquefaction occurred in many parts of Christchurch. Liquefaction occurred here during both the Darfield (4 September 2010) and Christchurch (22 February 2011) Figure 1. The 22 February 2011 earthquake was particularly devastating. If you have an earthquake that has a 90% chance of not being exceeded in 50 years, the authorities might say that's an acceptable risk, we can live with that. Liquefaction did more damage than shaking: study. For instance, during the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES), in New Zealand, liquefaction-induced damage to buried cables resulted in service interruption of the telecommunication network. Some features of this site may not work without it. The total economic loss caused by the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes is currently estimated to be in the range between 25 and 30 The image has multi-spectral bands with approximately 2 m spatial resolution in addition to the panchromatic band with approximately 50 cm spatial resolution. Christchurch, New Zealand, brendon.bradley@canterbury.ac.nz ABSTRACT: In 2010 and 2011, the city of Christchurch (New Zealand) was hit by a sequence of strong, local and devastating earthquakes. During the Canterbury earthquakes of September 2010 and February 2011, liquefaction caused silt and fine sand to boil up and bury streets and gardens and caused buildings and vehicles to sink. Video: What is liquefaction? Tokyo, Japan: One Year after 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: International Symposium on Engineering Lessons Learned from the Giant Earthquake, 3-4 Mar 2012. Liquefaction Lab – Experiment with different scenarios to see how these impact liquefaction damage. Jun 6, 2012 - Christchurch Earthquake mins after in my backyard, unbelievable Vulnerability Map – A map showing how liquefaction vulnerability varies across Christchurch. This paper discusses the liquefaction in residential areas and focuses on its impacts on dwellings
(residential houses) and potable water system in the Christchurch suburbs. Led by Mary Comerio, UC Berkeley, and Widespread liquefaction in a team organized by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center investigated the effects of the Christchurch earthquake. The 2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand were devastating in many ways, liquefaction being one of them. EERI Special Earthquake Report — May 2011 From February 22 to March 19, 2011, deaths. The liquefaction affected 60,000 residential buildings (properties), large number of CBD buildings, and the lifelines and infrastructure over approximately one third of the city area. The liquefaction affected 60,000 residential buildings (properties), large number of CBD buildings, and the lifelines and infrastructure over approximately one third of the city area. Fig. The earthquake caused widespread damage across Christchurch, killing 185 people in the nation's fifth-deadliest disaster. ", He added: "Experts have been surprised that the town itself has been hit.". However, the M w6.2, 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake was the most damaging event, due to the close proximity of its rupture plane to Christchurch, resulting in 185 fatalities and causing widespread lique- Led by Mary Comerio, UC Berkeley, and Liquefaction is a process that temporarily turns firm ground into a liquid. Liquefaction caused by the 2010–11 Canterbury earthquakes created large holes in streets around Christchurch. 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes is estimated to be in the range between 25 and 30 billion NZ dollars (or 15% to 18% of New Zealand’s GDP). Liquefaction Damage, Christchurch, February 2011. 2013). The ground motions
generated by this earthquake were intense and in many parts of Christchurch substantially above the ground motions used to design the buildings in Christchurch. Calculations were performed using the geometric mean of the horizontal PGA recorded at each SMS for the M w 7.1 2010 Darfield earthquake and the M w 6.2 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Tokyo, Japan: One Year after 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: International Symposium on Engineering Lessons Learned from the Giant Earthquake, 3 … Liquefaction is when shaking or stess causes something like soil, sand or silt to act like liquid. This issue has been thrust to the forefront, as a result of the devastating effects of liquefaction on the built environment in Christchurch, following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. A Mw6.2 (ML6.3) earthquake occurred in Christchurch on Tuesday 22 February 2011 at 12:51 p.m. local time (23:51 UTC, 21 February). 20 km of Christchurch (GeoNet, 2012), and up to ten of these larger events are known to have induced liquefaction (Quigley et al. General contextual maps about ground conditions across Christchurch such as land category, groundwater, surface elevation, historical or geomorphic features. (a) Feb 22, 2011 flooded street in Aranui suburb. Other notable earthquakes in this sequence were the 22 February 2011 M w 6.2 Christchurch earthquake, and the 13 June 2011 … Because the ground loses its rigidity, buildings can be shaken far more violently. Cubrinovski, M., Henderson, D., Bradley, B.A. Some buildings will be written off and torn down, while others will be repairable or declared safe for immediate occupation. ... but said the answer could be the "liquefaction" of the ground when the shaking began. Impacts on the local environments 2011 Christchurch earthquake was probably an aftershock of the Christchurch earthquake which occurred on the 4th of September which had a magnitude of 7.1. The earthquake caused 182 fatalities,
collapse of two multi-storey reinforced concrete buildings, collapse or partial collapse of many unreinforced masonry structures including the historic Christchurch Cathedral. The city of Christchurch and some surrounding towns experienced widespread damage due to seismically induced liquefaction during the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES), beginning in 4 September 2010 with the M w 7.1 Darfield earthquake. Accessed March 8, 2011. Technical. 3 minutes to read. Christchurch is shown as a lighter colour area, and its Central Business District (CBD) is marked with
a white square area in the figure. In addition, the ground motions produced by the earthquakes were recorded by approximately 15 strong motion stations within (close to) the city boundaries providing and impressive wealth of data, records and observations of the performance of ground and various types of structures during this unusual sequence of strong local earthquakes affecting a city. Loose, sandy soils behave like a liquid as water is forced up to the surface. U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.) Shake Map: South Island of New Zealand. Liquefaction Lab – Experiment with different scenarios to see how these impact liquefaction damage. suburbs of Christchurch. Liquefaction-induced flooding impacts. 1 Nov, 2012 02:45 PM. The Christchurch suburb of Bexley is flooded with silt and water forced up through the weakened ground by liquefaction following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. This paper focuses on the performance of potable water system of Christchurch during the 2010-2011 earthquakes and particularly examines the impacts of liquefaction on this pipe network during 5. 5. It started out quite summery, the 22nd February 2011. damaged by liquefaction during the 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquake. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Detailed liquefaction maps illustrating the extent and severity of
liquefaction across Christchurch triggered by the sequence of earthquakes including multiple episodes of severe re-liquefaction are next presented. Liquefaction occurred here during both the Darfield (4 September 2010) and Christchurch (22 February 2011) Figure 1. During the June 2011 aftershock, high levels (approx. ", Damp sediments under Christchurch made tremor more violent, Survivors are taken from a modern building damaged by Tuesday's earthquake in Christchurch. You are invited to watch the webinar and read all questions given to the speaker, followed by his answers. EERI Special Earthquake Report — May 2011 From February 22 to March 19, 2011, deaths. Christchurch, February 22, 2011 earthquake anniversary: GNS scientists reflect on seismic event. After each major earthquake, comprehensive field investigations and inspections were conducted to document the liquefaction-induced land damage, lateral spreading displacements and their impacts
on buildings and infrastructure. A new interactive online tool will help people better understand how the ground may respond in an earthquake. Liquefaction impacts on the potable water system of Christchurch is also briefly summarized including correlation between the damage to the system, liquefaction severity, and the
performance of different pipe materials. The total economic loss caused by the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes is currently estimated to be in the range between 25 and 30 Most earthquake damage is caused by ground shaking. Though the government supplied money for those who were fired, businesses that needed re … Sensitivity of predicted liquefaction-induced lateral displacements from the 2010 Darfield and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, in Proc. 1. This car toppled into a hole near Shortland Street in the suburb of Aranui following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. In 2010 and 2011, Christchurch (New Zealand) was hit by a series of strong earthquakes that included four major events of moment magnitudes M w 5.9 to M w 7.1 (Canterbury Earthquake Sequence, CES). Liquefaction occurs when soil loses strength and stiffness due to earthquake shaking. The earthquake damage to modern buildings in Christchurch caught many experts by surprise and suggests the city was more prone to destructive tremors than local planners realised. Accessed March 8, 2011. Finally, the characteristics of Christchurch liquefaction and its impacts on built environment are discussed in relation to the liquefaction-induced damage in Japan
during the 11 March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. (b) June 13, 2011 flooded property in Aranui suburb. This paper About – How liquefaction occurs and its consequences. The city of Christchurch and some surrounding towns experienced widespread damage due to seismically induced liquefaction during the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES), beginning in 4 September 2010 with the M w 7.1 Darfield earthquake. 45 (2012) REPEATED LIQUEFACTION OBSERVED DURING THE 2010-2011 CANTERBURY EARTHQUAKES Takashi KIYOTA1, Suguru YAMADA2 and Yasuyo HOSONO3 ABSTRACT: Christchurch city in New Zealand suffered from two big aftershocks of the 2010 Darfield earthquake that is main shock of so-called Canterbury … Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo Bulletin of ERS, No. 22 February 2011 (M W 6.2), 13 June (M W 5.6 and M W 6.0 separated by 80 minutes), and 23 December 2011 (M W 5.8 and M W 5.9 separated by 80 minutes). The killer Christchurch earthquake, which claimed 185 lives 10 … Liquefaction repeatedly occurred, causing disruption to the city and recovery effort. Vulnerability Map – A map showing how liquefaction vulnerability varies across Christchurch. 3. "Sink holes and liquefaction North New Brighton Feb 2011" by Martin Luff - Flickr: Sink holes and liquefaction North New Brighton. The total economic loss caused by the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes is currently estimated to be in the range between 25 and 30 billion NZ dollars (or 15% to 18% of New Zealand’s GDP). Christchurch is shaken to pieces by the latest and most devastating. In total, the 'rehabilitation' costs $15.1 billion dollars worth of damage, Many businesses needed to fire employees due to the heavy re-building fee.