After capturing the city in 1937, the Japanese killed an estimated 300,000 Chinese civilians and raped countless of women in what has come to be known as the Nanjing Massacre. includes Xiaguan outside the city walls. However, modern scholars have an interest in accurately estimating the number in order to aid them in calculating the number of people who might have been massacred by the Japanese Army. kilometers from west to east, which means that I can walk the widest distance The Japanese military committed bloody atrocities against the residents of Nanjing and prisoners of war, killing them in extremely cruel methods including mass execution, burning, burying alive, beheading, and biting by dogs. In almost every case, the troop strengths given by the diaries and documents Sun found were much higher than those recorded in the unit-by-unit estimates of Chinese staff officer Tan Daoping. [13] However, when another committee member, Lewis Smythe, compiled a population survey of Nanking the same year, he reaffirmed that Nanking's civilian population at the time the city fell was between 200,000 and 250,000. Though Kasahara acknowledges that many Chinese people left the city after November 23, he suspects that the influx of new refugees would likely have brought the city's civilian population up to roughly 400,000-500,000 by the time that the Japanese arrived. �gSafety Zone�h, roughly equivalent in size to New York�fs Central Park, into which they In Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi. (1999). Answer: Generally historians believe that the viciousness of the Japanese assault on Nanjing and the wholesale rape and slaughter that followed the collapse of Chinese defenses was because of the very tough fight that Chinese forces had put up in Shanghai, from August to December of 1937. 2 But the very centrality of Nanjing in the assessment of the whole 1937-45 war between Japan and China has unfortunately led to much ideologically motivated obscuring, on both sides. Nanjing, capital of China's eastern Jiangsu province, is roughly 300km up the Yangtze River from the city of Shanghai. An insightful account traces the transformation of the Japanese military, praised by the West during the early twentieth century for its chivalry in warfare, into a notoriously brutal, rapacious legion during World War II. 1937: The Rape of Nanking (Nanjing) December 10, 2014 An estimated 20 million people died and millions more were subjugated and oppressed during Japan's half-century of war and colonial expansion, which ended in 1945. Nanjing Massacre, conventional Nanking Massacre, also called Rape of Nanjing, (December 1937-January 1938), mass killing and ravaging of Chinese citizens and capitulated soldiers by soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army after its seizure of Nanjing, China, on December 13, 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War that preceded World War II.The number of Chinese killed in the massacre has been . Found inside... book The Nanking Massacre and the Nanking Population;137 the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall in Nanjing ... the Japanese Embassy dated December 17, 1937: ... located in Nanking. These revisionist accounts of the killings have become a staple of Japanese nationalist discourse. The Rape of Nanking: 1937-1938 300,000 Deaths. 1853 The Taiping army captured Nanjing, and it was their capital city during their rule. [27], Askew has also used a micro approach to calculate the size of the Nanking Garrison Force, but is strongly critical of Sun's methods. Is: The Japanese Terror in China edited by Manchester Guardian correspondent Republic of China - 1928-1937. [29], Among scholars using the macro approach, Ikuhiko Hata accepts the reliability of Mamoru Iinuma and Toichi Sasaki's contemporary estimate of 100,000, which, he notes, is identical to the estimate used in the Republic of China's official history of the war published in Taiwan. Some historians accept the findings of the Tokyo tribunal with respect to the scope and nature of the atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army after the Battle of Nanking, while others do not. The 1937 Nanjing Massacre and the Population of Nanjing. On the other hand, refugees were streaming into the city from the rural villages around Nanking which were being burned down by the Chinese Army. Though Kasahara acknowledges that many Chinese people left the city after November 23, he suspects that the influx of new refugees would likely have brought the city's civilian population up to roughly 400,000-500,000 by the time that the Japanese arrived. Beginning in August 1937 the Japanese Imperial Army initiated an aerial assault of the Chinese capital city of Nanjing (Nanking). [14], By contrast, most Western journalists who were in Nanking in November and December 1937 put forward much lower population numbers of around 150,000. defense force of the city numbered 50,000, while noncombatants were 15,000. Drawing on English, Chinese, and Japanese sources, this study challenges the prevailing view that the Rape of Nanking was a deliberate, planned effort on the part of the Japanese military and concludes that it was instead an unfortunate ... Other published work tackled different aspects of the research or a different population of eyewitnesses. Estimates of the population of Nanking in December 1937 vary widely from source to source. In less than two months, the population had decreased Minoru Kitamura is a Japanese historian. Kingston, Jeff. [4], On November 20, the Chinese government constituted the Nanking Garrison Force in order to defend the city and its environs from the Japanese attack. [22] In early December, the Chinese fought a series of engagements with the Japanese Army along their defenses both outside and inside the city. Strangely, with the passing of time, the range between the diverse evaluations of victims has not narrowed, but widened (at the last count, between 50 and 430 000.3), some Japanese veterans, politicians and . [6], In the first weeks of December, as the Japanese were advancing on the city, rapid population movements took place both into and out of the city. It describes the events leading up to the Nanking Massacre and the atrocities that were committed. Found inside – Page 17By December 1937, the Japanese had success- fully taken Shanghai and ... colony of Rape of Nanjing: The assault on the civilian population of Nanjing by the ... [16] By the time that the Japanese forces occupying Nanking attempted to formally register the city's entire population in late December, 1937, and early January, 1938, 160,000 people were recorded. Kasahara, Tokushi. Safety Zone were 200,000. food. up operation�h �g�cwhich means that What explains the tremendous variation in how states deal with past crimes? When and why do states change the stories they tell about their dark pasts. Most of those who stayed behind were the very poor who had nowhere else to go, as well as the officials who had jobs with the city government. Newly revised resources for understanding the Rape of Nanking Diana Lary traces the history of the Republic from its beginnings in 1912, through the Nanjing decade, the warlord era, and the civil war with the Peoples' Liberation Army which ended in defeat in 1949. Data Challenges Japanese Theory on Nanjing Population Size December 13, 2003 is the 66th anniversary of Nanjing Massacre in which 300,000 Nanjing citizens were killed by invading Japanese soldiers. The Rape Of Nanking Summary. "Defending Nanking: An Examination of the Capital Garrison Forces,". Contemporary actors play the roles of the Western missionaries, professors, and businessmen who formed the Nanking Safety Zone to protect the city's civilians from Japanese forces. Safety Zone were 200,000. Civilian population. In fact, most of its units are known to have lost a substantial portion of their troop strength during the Battle of Shanghai. Kasahara, Tokushi. The German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, is conventionally regarded as the starting point of World War II. This book is based on four visits to China between 1971 and 1989 by Honda Katsuichi, an investigative journalist for Asahi Shimbun. Others actively resisted. [17], Historian Ikuhiko Hata analyzed various estimate for Nanking's civilian population at the time the city fell to the Japanese Army, and concludes that Lewis Smythe's figures of 200,000-250,000 are the most credible. This decision to avoid controversies still unsettled in academic circles is understandable, but many readers will wish that Harmsen had explored the larger, grand-strategic consequences of the campaigns with more vigor. According to the official figures released by the municipal authorities of Nanking, the population of the city was 1,006,968 in December 1936 and 308,546 in August 1938. Antara Bate 24 Nov 2020. Geography. Sun notes that this final estimate is roughly the mid-way point between the minimum figure of 125,458, and the hypothetical maximum figure of 180,400, which would have been the size of the Nanking Garrison Force if all its units had been at full strength. Many that left continued to actively fight the Japanese. On Dec.1, 1937, Nanking Mayor Ma Chao-chun ordered all Nanking citizens Found inside“only the very poor are still here”: Rabe diary, 7 December 1937, as quoted in Woods, The Good Man of Nanking, 52. Western estimates of Nanjing population ... The Nanjing Massacre [5] However, most of the city's population, particularly the wealthy and middle class, fled after the Japanese starting bombing it in August. Similarly, it�fs 11 kilometers from Zhonghua Gate in the south, to the most The Rape of Nanking: 1937-1938 300,000 Deaths. After that, Nanking was swollen with refugees due to the Chinese Army's incineration of villages just outside the city. [10] However, a variety of contemporary estimates do exist, including the views of foreign residents of Nanking such as John Rabe, statements by Western journalists, the sampling survey conducted by Lewis Smythe, and the population registration of the Japanese occupation. [11] Askew settles on 200,000 as the number most in line with contemporary sources. After the fall of Nanking, many of the garrison's surviving soldiers cast off their weapons and uniforms and hid amongst the city's civilian population. inflate the number of supposed victims. Modern estimates are mostly between 200,000 and 500,000 civilians and 70,000 and 200,000 soldiers. 1927 The Nationalist government made it their capital city. On December 1, 1937, following the end of the Battle of Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese soldiers stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai were ordered to march inland to Nanking, the capital city of China. Particular attention is paid to Nazi Party member John Rabe, a German businessman who organized the Nanking Safety Zone, Robert O. Wilson, a surgeon who remained in Nanking to care for legions of victims, and Minnie Vautrin, a missionary educator who rendered aid to thousands of Nanking's women. Iwane Matsui was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and the commander of the expeditionary force sent to China in 1937. Found insideThis is all part of a larger worldwide movement in which both nations and multinational groups are attempting to reach closure regarding past atrocities and inhumanities. [31] Kasahara also argues that the total could be raised further to 200,000 if one includes the 23rd Group Army, which participated in the early stages of the Battle of Nanking but was not officially a part of the Nanking Garrison Force. (1992). Part of the 'Harvard East Asian Monographs' series, this text cover the 'social problems' and social engineering in Nanjing from 1927-1937. It puts the poor at the centre of the picture, defying efforts to make them invisible. [10] For example, Tokushi Kasahara believes that the population of Nanking comprised 400,000-500,000 civilians and 150,000 soldiers,[4] and has concluded that the death toll of the Nanking Massacre amounted to 160,000-170,000 victims. Nanking padded the number of victims and the population of Nanking. [27], By contrast, the large majority of foreign observers believed that Nanking Garrison Force to include roughly 50,000 soldiers or less. Others actively resisted. [7] These chaotic conditions made it difficult to keep track of the city's population. "The Nanjing Massacre and Historical Memory in East Asia,", This page was last edited on 17 May 2021, at 18:33. (December 9, 2007). ���@Similarly, Brigadier Major General Lew who was in Kasahara cites a letter that Ma Chaojun, the mayor of Nanking, wrote on November 23 that 500,000 civilians remained in the city and that 200,000 additional refugees from surrounding areas were expected to arrive soon. So WHY the number 300 thousand? [11] Askew settles on 200,000 as the number most in line with contemporary sources. He argues that the contemporary figures probably included only those Chinese who had evaded the Japanese Army during and immediately after the battle and successfully escaped to the safety zone. Nanjing also suffered heavily during the 1937-1945 Sino-Japanese war which led into World War II. were submitted to the Tokyo Trial as �gevidence�h. [38]. In December 1937, during the Second Sino-Japanese War between Japan and China, Japanese soldiers marched . [29], Among scholars using the macro approach, Ikuhiko Hata accepts the reliability of Mamoru Iinuma and Toichi Sasaki's contemporary estimate of 100,000, which, he notes, is identical to the estimate used in the Republic of China's official history of the war published in Taiwan. On 18 February 1938 the name of the committee was changed to the "Nanjing International Relief Committee." Song Xilian, commander of China's 78th Corps, claimed that the Nanking Garrison Force was over 110,000 men strong, whereas Li Zongren reported that it numbered "more than 100,000 men. Kasahara, Tokushi. Various recent estimates put the population of the city in December at as many as 500,000 civilians and 150,000 soldiers or as few as 200,000 civilians and 70,000 soldiers. Documents of Nanjing Massacre 2014-50 1.0 Summary (max 200 words) On December 13, 1937, after capturing Nanjing, the capital of China at that time, Japanese troops launched a massacre against Nanjing residents and disarmed Chinese soldiers which lasted as long as six weeks. safety zone, the (Japanese) claimed that the population was 250,0000. to move into the �g. The same padding is true of the �gHistorical Reference Research Committee Nanking was never addressed at the IMTFE, even while a most bizarre judgement was The zone and the activities of the International Committee were responsible for safely harboring 250,000 Chinese civilians from death and violence during the Nanking Massacre. (10th January,1938). Brooks calls my attention to the fact that in another portion of the and earlier flight of Generalissimo Chiang-kai shek. Its total area is about 40 square kilometers, which According to Askew, Sun accepts troop strength estimates which were made before the units in question were depleted fighting the Battle of Shanghai and also assumes that each Chinese consisted of three brigades when, according to Askew, most had been reduced to two. �g. Many that left continued to actively fight the Japanese. Shunju. ���@Similarly, Robert Espy, vice-consul of the American At the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal*, the issue of population in Nanking was a taboo, even though it accused Unfortunately, the Japanese Foreign Ministry had burnt them at the end during Wang Jingwei�fs administration, claimed that the population of citizens Found insideThese essays and reviews by Joshua Fogel, written over the past 35 years, focus on the cultural and political interactions between China and Japan. The represent pioneering efforts to assess these two histories together. [4] Starting on December 7, the Chinese Army launched a scorched earth policy of incinerating houses around Nanking to deprive the oncoming Japanese soldiers of shelter. [1] The opposing Chinese garrison, the Nanking Garrison Force, attempted to defend a series of encampment outside of Nanking, but ultimately could not prevent the Japanese Army from arriving at the walled city by December 9. The book contains the diaries that Rabe kept during the Nanking Massacre, writing from his personal experience and observation of the events that took place. Two high-ranking Japanese officers, Major-Generals Tōichi Sasaki and Mamoru Iinuma, who were at Nanking at the time of the battle, both concluded that the defending Chinese garrison consisted of 100,000 soldiers. These raids were unrelenting until December 13, when Japanese troops entered the conquered city. Kasahara, Tokushi. [10] For example, Tokushi Kasahara believes that the population of Nanking comprised 400,000-500,000 civilians and 150,000 soldiers, [4] and has concluded that the death toll of the Nanking Massacre amounted to 160,000-170,000 victims. In 1950, the population stood at one million, but by 2015, it had grown to 5.8 million. He served with John Rabe on the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone and was Associate Food Commissioner. Population of Nanjing. [9], No official statistics attest to Nanking's population in December 1937. called on all the remaining citizens of Nanking to come and seek refuge. (September 2009). Estimates of the population of Nanking in December 1937 vary widely from source to source. throughout the siege in a �esafety zone�f. [20] He discounts Rabe's later estimate of 250,000-300,000 as being an exaggeration presented to Japanese authorities in the hope of convincing them to provide additional food aid. The Nanjing Massacre is said to be one of the worst incidents of mass extermination that occurred during World War II on December 13, 1937. Askew accepts Tan's figures as being the upper range of estimates and notes a few possible areas of overestimation. In 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War , the city was captured by the Japanese, who massacred more than 100,000 of the population. However, Hankou, upriver of Nanking, was bursting at the seams with 400,000 refugees from Nanking. International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, German pre–World War II industrial co-operation, Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan, Eduard Sperling (International Committee member), Chancellor P. Scharffenberg (employee of the German embassy), Liu Fei (staff officer in China's general staff), Mitsuo Nakazawa (staff officer in Japan's 16th Division), Askew, David. [2] On December 13, the Japanese Army captured Nanking and perpetrated the Nanking Massacre. [4], An official survey conducted in March 1937 had put the total civilian population of Nanking at 1,019,667. It also excerpts Rabe's experience in immediate post-war Berlin, then occupied by Soviet troops. "The Nanjing Incident: An Examination of the Civilian Population,", Askew, David. 1938," in American Missionary Eyewitnesses to the Nanking Massacre, 1937-1938, 11; Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, 84. Angela Ki Che Leung's meticulous study begins with the classical annals of the imperial era, which contain the first descriptions of a feared and stigmatized disorder modern researchers now identify as leprosy. Nanking Massacre, translated and published in Japan in. 南京渋多（プロテスティア） The 1937 Nanjing Massacre and the Population of Nanjing スキ 2. On the other hand, refugees were streaming into the city from the rural villages around Nanking which were being burned down by the Chinese Army. [10] Australian historian David Askew believes that Smythe's data and the population registration undertaken by the Japanese after the city's fall represent the two most important base figures for estimating Nanking's population. [8] By the time of the city's fall, much of Nanking's remaining population had congregated within the safety zone. Also included are biographical sketches of the two women, a note on the diaries, and information about the aftermath of the tragedy, as well as maps and photos—some of which appear in print in this book for the first time. [22] If all the Nanking Garrison Force's constituent units, which included thirteen infantry divisions, had been at full strength, its total size would have been 180,400. Although it was the capital of China then, it was very small, compared Estimates of the population of Nanking in December 1937 vary widely from source to source. Therefore, the question of the actual population of [24] Many Chinese sources indicate that the Nanking Garrison Force contained somewhat in excess of 100,000 soldiers. [31] Kasahara also argues that the total could be raised further to 200,000 if one includes the 23rd Group Army, which participated in the early stages of the Battle of Nanking but was not officially a part of the Nanking Garrison Force. The macro approach involves collecting primary source estimates of the whole size of the Nanking Garrison Force and analyzing them. replied, "Well, you may have evidence of that, but you cannot get it in at "[25] By contrast, Tan Daoping, a staff officer in Nanking Garrison Force, gave a smaller figure of 81,000 by adding together a unit-by-unit breakdown of the whole force. to a minimum of 160,000 refugees and soldiers combined. . [27], Askew has also used a micro approach to calculate the size of the Nanking Garrison Force, but is strongly critical of Sun's methods. [28], To calculate the total size of the Nanking Garrison Force, scholars have adopted both a "macro approach" and a "micro approach". The event remains a contentious political issue and an obstacle in Sino-Japanese relations. About The Nanjing Memorial. During that time, Nanjing was the capital of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China. [22] If all the Nanking Garrison Force's constituent units, which included thirteen infantry divisions, had been at full strength, its total size would have been 180,400. Found inside – Page 119Mark Steven Eykholt. \,\! ...|...| | |_|_| |_| \,| \;]),] !! !! Table 3.1. Nanjing Population, 1939° male female total male/female January. Nanjing - Nanjing - History: Nanjing's recorded history dates to the Warring States (Zhanguo; 475-221 bce) period, when a castle near Yuhuatai was constructed by the Yue state in 472 bce. Elderly women in their registration, Chinese historian Sun Zhaiwei calculated the size of the civilian population of at. This gap picture, defying efforts to make them invisible, like in other words Nanking! Professor of old Testament at Nanjing Theological Seminary during the Second Sino-Japanese War the research a. Decade, was an American Methodist missionary in China the following Massacre committed by the often... 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